nkhani

Pafupifupi zonse zomwe timakumana nazo m'dziko lamakono zimadalira magetsi mpaka pamlingo wina wake.Kuyambira pamene tinapeza koyamba momwe tingagwiritsire ntchito magetsi kupanga ntchito zamakina, tapanga zipangizo zazikulu ndi zazing'ono kuti tipititse patsogolo moyo wathu mwaukadaulo. timapanga timapangidwa ndi zigawo zochepa zosavuta zolumikizidwa pamodzi m'makonzedwe osiyanasiyana. Ndipotu, kwa zaka zopitirira zana, takhala tikudalira:
Kusintha kwathu kwamakono kwamagetsi kumadalira mitundu inayi ya zigawo zinayi, kuphatikizapo - pambuyo pake - transistors, kutibweretsera pafupifupi chirichonse chomwe timagwiritsa ntchito lero. mphamvu zochepa, ndikulumikiza zida zathu wina ndi mzake, timakumana mwachangu ndi malire akalewa.Technology.Koma, koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, kupita patsogolo kwasanu kunabwera palimodzi, ndipo ayamba kusintha dziko lathu lamakono.Umu ndi momwe zidayendera.
1.) Kukula kwa graphene. Pazinthu zonse zomwe zimapezeka m'chilengedwe kapena zolengedwa mu labu, diamondi sizinthu zolimba kwambiri. Pali zisanu ndi chimodzi zolimba, zovuta kwambiri kukhala graphene. Zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi pambuyo pa izi, otulukira Andrei Heim ndi Kostya Novoselov analandira Mphotho ya Nobel mu Fizikisi. thupi, mankhwala, ndi kupsyinjika matenthedwe, koma kwenikweni ndi latice wangwiro maatomu.
Graphene ilinso ndi zinthu zochititsa chidwi, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ngati zida zamagetsi, kuphatikiza ma transistors, zitha kupangidwa kuchokera ku graphene m'malo mwa silicon, zitha kukhala zazing'ono komanso mwachangu kuposa chilichonse chomwe tili nacho masiku ano. Kuonjezera apo, graphene ndi pafupifupi 98% yowonekera ku kuwala, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndi zosinthika zowonetsera zowonekera, mapanelo otulutsa kuwala komanso ma cell a dzuwa. Monga Nobel Foundation inanenera zaka 11 m'mbuyomu, "mwinamwake tatsala pang'ono kukonzanso zida zamagetsi zomwe zingapangitse makompyuta kukhala ochita bwino mtsogolomu."
2.) Surface mount resistors.Iyi ndiyo teknoloji yakale kwambiri "yatsopano" ndipo mwina ndi yodziwika bwino kwa aliyense amene wachotsa kompyuta kapena foni yam'manja.A pamwamba mount resistor ndi chinthu chaching'ono cha makona atatu, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimapangidwa ndi ceramic, chokhala ndi m'mphepete mwa conductive mbali zonse ziwiri. ends.Kukula kwa zitsulo za ceramic, zomwe zimatsutsa kuyenda kwamakono popanda kutaya mphamvu zambiri kapena kutentha, zapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kupanga zopinga zomwe zimakhala zapamwamba kuposa zotsutsa zakale zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kale: axial lead resistors.
Zinthuzi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zabwino kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pamagetsi amakono, makamaka magetsi otsika ndi mafoni.Ngati mukufuna chotsutsa, mungagwiritse ntchito imodzi mwa ma SMD awa (zida zokwera pamwamba) kuti muchepetse kukula komwe mukufunikira kwa otsutsa, kapena kuonjezera mphamvu yomwe mungagwiritse ntchito kwa iwo mkati mwazoletsa zofanana.
3.) Supercapacitors.Capacitors ndi imodzi mwa matekinoloje akale kwambiri amagetsi.Izo zimachokera ku dongosolo losavuta lomwe malo awiri oyendetsa (mbale, ma cylinders, zipolopolo zozungulira, ndi zina zotero) zimalekanitsidwa ndi wina ndi mzake ndi mtunda waung'ono, ndi ziwirizi. Pamene mukuyesera kudutsa panopa kudzera mu capacitor izo amalipira ndipo pamene inu kuzimitsa panopa kapena kulumikiza mbale ziwiri capacitor discharges. kuphulika kofulumira kwa mphamvu yotulutsidwa, ndi zamagetsi za piezoelectric, pomwe kusintha kwa mphamvu ya chipangizo kumapanga zizindikiro zamagetsi.
Zoonadi, kupanga mbale zambiri zolekanitsidwa ndi maulendo ang'onoang'ono pamlingo wochepa kwambiri sizovuta komanso zochepa kwambiri. Kupita patsogolo kwaposachedwa kwa zipangizo-makamaka calcium copper titanate (CCTO)-kungathe kusunga ndalama zambiri m'mipata ing'onoing'ono: supercapacitors. Zida zazing'onozi zimatha kulipitsidwa ndikutulutsidwa kangapo zisanathe; kudya ndi kutulutsa mwachangu; ndi kusunga nthawi 100 mphamvu pa unit voliyumu ya okalamba capacitors.Iwo ndi masewera-kusintha teknoloji pankhani miniaturizing zamagetsi.
4.) Super inductors.Monga otsiriza a "Big Three," ndi superinductor ndi wosewera mpira atsopano kutuluka mpaka 2018.An inductor kwenikweni koyilo ndi panopa ntchito ndi magnetizable pachimake.Inductors amatsutsa kusintha kwa maginito awo amkati mkati. munda, kutanthauza kuti ngati muyesa kulola kuti pakali pano kuyenderera kupyolera mu izo, imatsutsa kwa kanthawi, ndiyeno imalola kuti panopa ikuyenda momasuka, ndipo potsiriza imatsutsa kusintha pamene mukuzimitsa magetsi. zinthu zitatu zofunika za ma circuits.Koma kachiwiri, pali malire a momwe angakhalire ochepa.
Vuto ndiloti mtengo wa inductance umadalira pamtunda wa inductor, womwe ndi wakupha maloto malinga ndi miniaturization. tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timanyamula timadzi timene timalepheretsa kuyenda kwawo. Monga momwe nyerere zomwe zili pamzere ziyenera "kulankhulana" kuti zisinthe liwiro lawo, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timanyamula timadzi timeneti, monga ma elekitironi, timafunika kulimbikitsana kuti tifulumire. kapena pang'onopang'ono.Kukana kusinthaku kumapangitsa kuti munthu aziyenda. Motsogozedwa ndi Kaustav Banerjee's Nanoelectronics Research Laboratory, makina opangira mphamvu a kinetic pogwiritsa ntchito teknoloji ya graphene tsopano apangidwa: zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri za inductance density zomwe zinalembedwapo.
5.) Ikani graphene mu chipangizo chilichonse.Tsopano tiyeni titenge katundu.Tili ndi graphene.Tili ndi "zapamwamba" matembenuzidwe a resistors, capacitors ndi inductors - miniaturized, robust, odalirika ndi efficient.Cholepheretsa chomaliza mu ultra-miniaturization revolution mu zamagetsi , osachepera mwachidziwitso, ndikutha kutembenuza chipangizo chilichonse (chopangidwa ndi pafupifupi chilichonse) kukhala chipangizo chamagetsi.Kuti izi zitheke, zonse zomwe timafunikira ndikutha kuyika magetsi opangidwa ndi graphene mumtundu uliwonse wa zinthu zomwe tikufuna, kuphatikizapo flexible materials.The graphene ndi zabwino fluidity, kusinthasintha, mphamvu, ndi madutsidwe, pamene alibe vuto lililonse kwa anthu, zimapangitsa kukhala abwino kwa cholinga ichi.
M'zaka zingapo zapitazi, zida za graphene ndi graphene zapangidwa m'njira yomwe yakhala ikukwaniritsidwa kudzera munjira zingapo zomwe zili zolimba kwambiri. Mutha oxidize graphite wakale, kuyisungunula m'madzi, ndikupanga graphene ndi nthunzi wamankhwala. Deposition.Komabe, pali magawo ochepa okha omwe graphene angayikidwe motere.Mungathe kuchepetsa graphene oxide ndi mankhwala, koma ngati mutero, mudzakhala ndi graphene yabwino.Mungathenso kupanga graphene ndi exfoliation , koma izi sizikulolani kulamulira kukula kapena makulidwe a graphene yomwe mumapanga.
Apa ndipamene kupita patsogolo kwa laser-wojambula graphene kumabwera.Pali njira ziwiri zazikulu zokwaniritsira izi.Imodzi ndiyoyamba ndi graphene oxide.Zofanana ndi kale: mumatenga graphite ndi oxidize, koma m'malo mochepetsa mankhwala, mumachepetsa. ndi laser.Mosiyana ndi mankhwala omwe amachepetsedwa ndi graphene oxide, ndi mankhwala apamwamba kwambiri omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito mu supercapacitors, ma circuit electronic, ndi memori khadi, pakati pa ena.
Mukhozanso kugwiritsa ntchito polyimide, pulasitiki yotentha kwambiri, ndi chitsanzo cha graphene mwachindunji ndi laser.Laser imathyola zomangira za mankhwala mu polyimide network, ndipo ma atomu a carbon amadzikonzekeretsa okha kuti apange mapepala owonda, apamwamba kwambiri a graphene.Polyimide yasonyeza matani a mapulogalamu omwe angakhalepo, chifukwa ngati mungajambule mabwalo a graphene pamenepo, mutha kusintha mawonekedwe aliwonse a polyimide kukhala magetsi ovala.
Koma mwina chosangalatsa kwambiri—kutengera kutulukira, kuwuka, ndi kupezeka kwa zinthu zatsopano zopezedwa za laser-chojambula graphene—zili pafupi ndi zomwe zingatheke pakali pano. .Mmodzi wa zitsanzo egregious wa luso kulephera patsogolo ndi batteries.Today, ife pafupifupi ntchito youma cell chemistries kusunga mphamvu zamagetsi, zaka mazana akale technology.Prototypes wa zipangizo yosungirako zatsopano, monga mabatire zinc-air ndi olimba-boma. flexible electrochemical capacitors, apangidwa.
Ndi laser-cholemba graphene, osati tingasinthe kusintha mmene timasungira mphamvu, koma tikhoza kupanga zipangizo kuvala kuti kusintha makina mphamvu magetsi: triboelectric nanogenerators. amathanso kupanga maselo osinthika a biofuel; zotheka ndi zazikulu.Pamalire a kusonkhanitsa ndi kusunga mphamvu, zosintha zonse zili mu nthawi yochepa.
Kuphatikiza apo, graphene yojambulidwa ndi laser iyenera kuyambitsa nthawi ya masensa omwe anali asanakhalepo kale. Izi zimaphatikizapo masensa amthupi, monga kusintha kwa thupi (monga kutentha kapena kupsinjika) kumayambitsa kusintha kwamagetsi monga kukana ndi kutsekeka (zomwe zimaphatikizaponso zopereka za capacitance ndi inductance). ) Zimaphatikizansopo zida zomwe zimazindikira kusintha kwa mpweya ndi chinyezi, ndipo - zikagwiritsidwa ntchito m'thupi la munthu - kusintha kwa thupi pazizindikiro zofunika za munthu. kungoyika chigamba chofunikira chowunikira chomwe chimatichenjeza nthawi yomweyo zakusintha kulikonse kowopsa m'matupi athu.
Kaganizidwe kameneka kangatsegulenso mbali ina yatsopano: ma biosensors ozikidwa paukadaulo wa laser-engraved graphene technology. mayendedwe.Laser-cholemba graphene imakhalanso ndi kuthekera kwakukulu ngati mukufuna kupanga bioreceptor yochita kupanga yomwe ingalondole mamolekyu enieni, kupanga ma biosensor osiyanasiyana ovala, kapena kuthandizira kupangitsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana za telemedicine.
Sizinafike mpaka 2004 kuti njira yopangira mapepala a graphene, osachepera mwadala, idapangidwa koyamba.Pazaka 17 kuyambira pamenepo, kupita patsogolo kofananirako kwabweretsa patsogolo kuthekera kosintha momwe anthu amalumikizirana ndi zamagetsi. Poyerekeza ndi njira zonse zomwe zilipo zopangira ndi kupanga zipangizo zopangira ma graphene, laser-engraved graphene imapangitsa kuti ma graphene akhale ophweka, opangidwa ndi misala, apamwamba, komanso otsika mtengo muzinthu zosiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo kusintha kwamagetsi pakhungu.
Posachedwapa, n'zomveka kuyembekezera kupita patsogolo mu gawo la mphamvu, kuphatikizapo kulamulira mphamvu, kukolola mphamvu, ndi kusungirako mphamvu.Komanso posachedwa ndikupita patsogolo kwa masensa, kuphatikizapo masensa a thupi, magetsi a gasi, ngakhale biosensors. Kusinthaku kuyenera kubwera kuchokera ku zobvala, kuphatikizapo zida zowunikira mapulogalamu a telemedicine.Kutsimikizika, zovuta zambiri ndi zopinga zidakalipo.Koma zopinga izi zimafunikira kuwonjezereka m'malo mosintha kusintha.Monga zida zolumikizidwa ndi intaneti ya Zinthu zikupitilira kukula, kufunika kwa ultra-small electronics ndi wamkulu kuposa kale.Ndi kupita patsogolo kwaposachedwa kwaukadaulo wa graphene, tsogolo lili kale pano mwanjira zambiri.