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Zowonjezera ndi njira zosindikizira zotsika kutentha zimatha kuphatikizira zida zamagetsi zosiyanasiyana zowononga mphamvu komanso zowononga mphamvu pazigawo zosinthika pamtengo wotsika. zida.Passive components-inductors, capacitors, and resistors-zimagwira ntchito monga kusefa, kusungirako mphamvu kwa nthawi yochepa, ndi kuyeza kwa magetsi, zomwe ndizofunikira pamagetsi amagetsi ndi zina zambiri. resistors ndi RLC mabwalo chophimba zosindikizidwa pa magawo pulasitiki kusintha, ndi lipoti ndondomeko kamangidwe kuchepetsa kukana mndandanda wa inductors kuti athe kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu mphamvu zipangizo zamagetsi .The kusindikizidwa inductor ndi resistor ndiye kuphatikizidwa mu kulimbikitsa wowongolera circuit.Manufacture a organic light-emitting diode ndi mabatire osinthika a lithiamu-ion. Magetsi owongolera magetsi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupatsa mphamvu ma diode kuchokera ku batri, kuwonetsa kuthekera kwa zida zosindikizidwa zomwe zingalowe m'malo mwa zida zachikhalidwe zokwera pamwamba pamapulogalamu osinthira a DC-DC.
M'zaka zaposachedwapa, kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zosinthika muzinthu zamagetsi zovala ndi zazikulu komanso intaneti ya Zinthu1,2 zapangidwa.Izi zikuphatikizapo zipangizo zopezera mphamvu, monga photovoltaic 3, piezoelectric 4, ndi thermoelectric 5; zipangizo zosungiramo mphamvu, monga mabatire 6, 7; ndi zipangizo zowononga mphamvu, monga masensa 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, ndi magwero a kuwala 13.Ngakhale kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kwapangidwa mu magwero amphamvu ndi katundu, kuphatikiza zigawozi kukhala dongosolo lathunthu lamagetsi nthawi zambiri zimafuna mphamvu zamagetsi gonjetsani kusagwirizana kulikonse pakati pa khalidwe lamagetsi ndi zofunikira za katundu.Mwachitsanzo, batire imapanga magetsi osinthika molingana ndi momwe akulipirira. .Zamagetsi zamagetsi zimagwiritsa ntchito zigawo zogwira ntchito (transistors) kuti zigwire ntchito zosinthira ndi kulamulira, komanso zigawo zopanda kanthu (inductors, capacitors, ndi resistors) . , capacitor imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwamagetsi, ndipo kuyeza kwamagetsi komwe kumafunikira pakuwongolera mayankho kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito chogawanitsa.
Zida zamagetsi zamagetsi zomwe zili zoyenera kuvala zida (monga pulse oximeter 9) zimafuna ma volts angapo ndi ma milliamp angapo, nthawi zambiri zimagwira ntchito pafupipafupi mazana a kHz mpaka ma MHz angapo, ndipo zimafunikira ma μH angapo ndi ma μH angapo inductance ndi The capacitance μF ndi 14 respectively.The chikhalidwe njira kupanga mabwalo amenewa ndi solder discrete zigawo zikuluzikulu kuti okhwima kusindikizidwa dera bolodi (PCB). zakunja, mwina kulola mabwalo achizolowezi, kapena chifukwa cholumikizira chofunikira ndi mphamvu ndi yayikulu kwambiri kuti isagwiritsidwe ntchito mu silicon.
Poyerekeza ndi chikhalidwe PCB ofotokoza luso kupanga, kupanga zipangizo zamagetsi ndi mabwalo kudzera mu njira yowonjezera yosindikiza ali ndi ubwino zambiri mwa kuphweka ndi mtengo.Choyamba, popeza zigawo zambiri za dera amafuna zipangizo zofanana, monga zitsulo kwa ojambula. ndi kugwirizanitsa, kusindikiza kumapangitsa kuti zigawo zambiri zipangidwe panthawi imodzi, ndi njira zochepa zogwirira ntchito ndi magwero ochepa a zipangizo15.Kugwiritsira ntchito njira zowonjezera m'malo mwa njira zowonongeka monga photolithography ndi etching kumachepetsanso zovuta zowonongeka ndi zowonongeka16, 17, 18, ndi 19.Kuonjezera apo, kutentha kochepa komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito posindikiza kumagwirizana ndi magawo apulasitiki osinthasintha komanso otsika mtengo, omwe amalola kugwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira makina othamanga kwambiri kuti aphimbe zipangizo zamagetsi 16, 20 pamadera akuluakulu. zomwe sizingakwaniritsidwe mokwanira ndi zigawo zosindikizidwa, njira zosakanizidwa zapangidwa momwe zipangizo zamakono zokwera pamwamba (SMT) zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi magawo osinthika 21, 22, 23 pafupi ndi zigawo zosindikizidwa pa kutentha kochepa. zofunikira kusintha zigawo zambiri za SMT monga momwe zingathere ndi osindikiza kuti apeze phindu la njira zowonjezera ndikuwonjezera kusinthasintha kwa dera. zigawo, ndi kutsindika mwapadera m'malo bulky SMT inductors ndi planar spiral inductors.Pakati pa matekinoloje osiyanasiyana opangira magetsi osindikizira, kusindikiza kwazithunzi kumakhala koyenera kwambiri pazigawo zopanda pake chifukwa cha makulidwe ake akuluakulu a filimu (omwe ndi ofunika kuchepetsa kukana kwazinthu zachitsulo. ) ndi liŵiro lapamwamba losindikiza, ngakhale pamene akuphimba madera a msinkhu wa sentimita N’chimodzimodzinso nthaŵi zina.Njira 24.
Kutayika kwa zida zamagetsi zamagetsi kuyenera kuchepetsedwa, chifukwa kuyendetsa bwino kwa dera kumakhudza mwachindunji kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimafunikira mphamvu ya system.Izi zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kwa ma inductors osindikizidwa omwe amapangidwa ndi ma coils aatali, omwe amatengera kuchuluka kwamphamvu. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale kuyesayesa kwina kwapangidwa kuti achepetse kukana kwa 25, 26, 27, 28 kwa ma koyilo osindikizidwa, pakalibe kusowa kwa zida zosindikizira zapamwamba zosindikizira zida zamagetsi zamagetsi. Zigawo za magawo osinthika amapangidwa kuti azigwira ntchito mu ma resonant circuits for radio frequency identification (RFID) kapena zolinga zokolola mphamvu 10, 12, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31. Zina zimayang'ana kwambiri pakupanga zinthu kapena kupanga ndikuwonetsa zigawo za generic 26, 32, 33, 34 zomwe sizinakonzedwe kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito zinazake. Mosiyana ndi izi, mabwalo amagetsi amagetsi monga zowongolera ma voltage nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zida zazikulu kuposa zida zomwe zimasindikizidwa ndipo safuna kumveka, kotero kuti mapangidwe azinthu zosiyanasiyana amafunikira.
Pano, tikuyambitsa mapangidwe ndi kukhathamiritsa kwa ma inductors osindikizidwa pa skrini mumtundu wa μH kuti akwaniritse kukana kwakung'ono kwambiri komanso magwiridwe antchito apamwamba pama frequency okhudzana ndi zamagetsi zamagetsi. pazigawo zapulasitiki zosinthika.Kuyenerera kwa zigawozi pazitsulo zosinthika zamagetsi kunasonyezedwa koyamba mu dera losavuta la RLC.Inductor yosindikizidwa ndi resistor kenaka imagwirizanitsidwa ndi IC kuti ipange boost regulator.Potsirizira pake, diode ya organic-emitting diode (OLED). ) ndi batire yosinthika ya lithiamu-ion imapangidwa, ndipo chowongolera chamagetsi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupatsa mphamvu OLED kuchokera ku batri.
Kuti tipange ma inductors osindikizira amagetsi amagetsi, tidalosera kaye kukana kwa ma inductance ndi DC kwamitundu ingapo ya ma inductor geometries kutengera mtundu wapapepala womwe waperekedwa ku Mohan et al. 35, ndi ma inductors opangidwa ndi ma geometries osiyanasiyana kuti atsimikizire Kulondola kwa chitsanzo.Mu ntchito iyi, mawonekedwe ozungulira adasankhidwa kwa inductor chifukwa inductance yapamwamba 36 ingapezeke ndi kukana kochepa poyerekeza ndi polygonal geometry.Chikoka cha inki. mtundu ndi kuchuluka kwa makina osindikizira pa kukana kumatsimikiziridwa.Zotsatirazi zinagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chitsanzo cha ammeter kupanga 4.7 μH ndi 7.8 μH inductors okometsedwa kwa osachepera DC kukana.
The inductance ndi DC kukana kwa spiral inductors akhoza kufotokozedwa ndi magawo angapo: m'mimba mwake akunja kuchita, kutembenuza m'lifupi w ndi spacing s, chiwerengero cha mokhota n, ndi kondakitala pepala kukana Rsheet. ndi n = 12, kusonyeza magawo a geometric omwe amatsimikizira kutulutsa kwake.Malinga ndi chitsanzo cha ammeter cha Mohan et al. 35, inductance imawerengeredwa mndandanda wa ma inductor geometries, komwe
(a) Chithunzi cha inductor chosindikizira chophimba chosonyeza magawo a geometric.Kuzungulira kwake ndi 3 cm.Inductance (b) ndi DC resistance (c) ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya geometries ya inductor.Mizere ndi zizindikiro zimagwirizana ndi chiwerengero chowerengedwa ndi kuyeza, motsatira. (d, e) Kukaniza kwa DC kwa inductors L1 ndi L2 kumasindikizidwa ndi inki zasiliva za Dupont 5028 ndi 5064H, motsatira.
Pamafupipafupi, mawonekedwe a khungu ndi mphamvu ya parasitic idzasintha kukana ndi kutsekemera kwa inductor malinga ndi mtengo wake wa DC. The inductor ikuyembekezeka kugwira ntchito pafupipafupi yotsika kwambiri kuti zotsatirazi ndizosavomerezeka, ndipo chipangizocho chimachita ngati chowongolera nthawi zonse. ndi kutsutsa kosalekeza mu mndandanda.Chifukwa chake, mu ntchitoyi, tinasanthula mgwirizano pakati pa magawo a geometric, inductance, ndi DC resistance, ndipo tinagwiritsa ntchito zotsatira kuti tipeze inductance yoperekedwa ndi DC kukana kochepa kwambiri.
Inductance ndi kukana zimawerengedwera mndandanda wa magawo a geometric omwe amatha kuzindikirika ndi kusindikiza pazenera, ndipo akuyembekezeka kuti inductance mumtundu wa μH idzapangidwa. Ma diameter akunja a 3 ndi 5 cm, mizere ya mizere ya 500 ndi 1000 microns. , ndi matembenuzidwe osiyanasiyana amafaniziridwa.Pakuwerengera, akuganiziridwa kuti kukana kwa pepala ndi 47 mΩ / □, komwe kumafanana ndi 7 μm wandiweyani wa Dupont 5028 siliva microflake wosanjikiza wosanjikiza wosindikizidwa ndi 400 mauna chophimba ndi kuika w = s.The kuwerengeredwa kwa inductance ndi kukana zikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 1b ndi c, motsatana.Mchitidwewu umaneneratu kuti inductance ndi kukana zikuwonjezeka pamene m'mimba mwake ndi kuchuluka kwa kutembenuka kumawonjezeka, kapena kukula kwa mzere kumachepa.
Pofuna kuwunika kulondola kwa zolosera zachitsanzo, ma inductors amitundu yosiyanasiyana ya geometries ndi inductances adapangidwa pagawo la polyethylene terephthalate (PET). mtengo woyembekezeredwa, makamaka chifukwa cha kusintha kwa makulidwe ndi kufanana kwa inki yoyikidwa, inductance inasonyeza mgwirizano wabwino kwambiri ndi chitsanzo.
Zotsatirazi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga inductor ndi inductance yofunikira komanso osachepera DC resistance.Mwachitsanzo, tiyerekeze kuti inductance ya 2 μH ikufunika. Chithunzi 1b chikuwonetsa kuti inductance iyi ikhoza kuzindikiridwa ndi kunja kwa 3 cm, mzere wa mzere. ya 500 μm, ndi kutembenuka kwa 10. Inductance yomweyi ingathenso kupangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito 5 masentimita awiri akunja, 500 μm mzere wa mzere ndi 5 kutembenuka kapena 1000 μm mzere wa mzere ndi 7 kutembenuka (monga momwe tawonetsera mu chithunzi). zotheka geometries mu Chithunzi 1c, zikhoza kupezeka kuti kukana otsika kwambiri 5 masentimita inductor ndi mzere m'lifupi mwake 1000 μm ndi 34 Ω, amene ali pafupifupi 40% m'munsi kuposa awiri enawo. ndi kukana kochepa kumafupikitsidwa motere: Choyamba, sankhani kutalika kwakukulu kovomerezeka kwakunja molingana ndi zopinga za malo zomwe zimayikidwa ndi ntchitoyo.Kenako, mzerewo uyenera kukhala waukulu momwe mungathere pamene mukukwaniritsa zofunikira kuti mupeze kudzaza kwakukulu. (Equation (3)).
Powonjezera makulidwe kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zokhala ndi ma conductivity apamwamba kuti muchepetse kukana kwa pepala la filimu yachitsulo, kukana kwa DC kumatha kuchepetsedwa popanda kukhudza inductance.Ma inductors awiri, omwe magawo awo a geometric amaperekedwa mu Table 1, yotchedwa L1 ndi L2, amapangidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zokutira kuti ayese kusintha kwa kukana.Pamene kuchuluka kwa zokutira kwa inki kumawonjezeka, kukana kumachepa mofanana ndi kuyembekezera, monga momwe tawonetsera mu Zithunzi 1d ndi e, zomwe ndi inductors L1 ndi L2, motsatira. sonyezani kuti pogwiritsira ntchito zigawo za 6 za zokutira, kukana kumatha kuchepetsedwa mpaka ka 6, ndipo kuchepetsa kukana (50-65%) kumachitika pakati pa 1 ndi 2 wosanjikiza. Screen yokhala ndi kukula kwa gridi yaying'ono (mizere 400 pa inchi) imagwiritsidwa ntchito kusindikiza ma inductors awa, omwe amatilola kuti tiphunzire momwe makulidwe a kondakitala pakukana. makulidwe ofanana (ndi kukana) akhoza kupezedwa mofulumira mwa kusindikiza chiwerengero chochepa cha zokutira ndi kukula kwa gridi yaikulu.Njirayi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kukwaniritsa kukana kwa DC komweko monga 6-coated inductor takambirana pano, koma ndi liwiro lapamwamba lopanga.
Zithunzi 1d ndi e zimasonyezanso kuti pogwiritsa ntchito inki yowonjezereka ya siliva ya DuPont 5064H, kukana kumachepetsedwa ndi ziwiri. anawona kuti madutsidwe m'munsi wa inki 5028 ndi chifukwa ang'onoang'ono tinthu kukula ndi kukhalapo kwa voids ambiri pakati pa particles mu filimu yosindikizidwa. Komano, 5064H ali zazikulu, kwambiri anakonza flakes, kupanga izo khalidwe pafupi chochuluka. silver.Ngakhale kuti filimu yopangidwa ndi inkiyi ndi yocheperapo kuposa inki ya 5028, yokhala ndi gawo limodzi la 4 μm ndi 6 zigawo za 22 μm, kuwonjezeka kwa conductivity ndikokwanira kuchepetsa kukana kwathunthu.
Pomaliza, ngakhale kuti inductance (equation (1)) imadalira kuchuluka kwa kutembenuka (w + s), kukana (equation (5)) kumadalira kokha pa mzere wa mzere w. Ma inductors awiri owonjezera L3 ndi L4 amapangidwa kuti akhale ndi w = 2s ndi m'mimba mwake yaikulu yakunja, monga momwe tawonetsera mu Table 1. Ma inductorswa amapangidwa ndi zigawo za 6 za DuPont 5064H zokutira, monga momwe tawonetsera kale, kuti apereke Kuchita kwapamwamba kwambiri.Kutulutsa kwa L3 ndi 4.720 ± 0.002 μH ndipo kukana ndi 4.9 ± 0.1 Ω, pamene inductance ya L4 ndi 7.839 ± 0.005 μH ndi 6.9 ± 0.1 Ω, zomwe zimagwirizana bwino ndi chitsanzo. kuwonjezeka kwa makulidwe, ma conductivity, ndi w/s, izi zikutanthauza kuti chiŵerengero cha L/R chawonjezeka ndi kupitirira dongosolo la ukulu wokhudzana ndi mtengo mu Chithunzi 1.
Ngakhale kutsika kwa DC kumalonjeza, kuyesa kuyenerera kwa ma inductors pazida zamagetsi zamagetsi zomwe zimagwira ntchito mu kHz-MHz zimafuna kudziwika pa ma frequency a AC. , kukana kumakhalabe kosalekeza pa mtengo wake wa DC, pamene mayendedwe amawonjezeka mofanana ndi pafupipafupi, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti inductance imakhala yosasinthasintha monga momwe amayembekezera. L3 kukhala 35.6 ± 0.3 MHz ndi L4 kukhala 24.3 ± 0.6 MHz. Kudalira pafupipafupi kwa khalidwe lapamwamba Q (lofanana ndi ωL / R) likuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 2b.L3 ndi L4 kukwaniritsa zinthu zabwino kwambiri za 35 ± 1 ndi 33 ± 1 pa ma frequency a 11 ndi 16 MHz, motsatana.Kutulutsa kwa μH pang'ono komanso kuchuluka kwa Q pamayendedwe a MHz kumapangitsa ma inductorswa kukhala okwanira m'malo mwa ma inductors amtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamagetsi otsika amphamvu a DC-DC.
Kukaniza koyezera R ndi kachitidwe X (a) ndi mtundu wa Q (b) wa ma inductors L3 ndi L4 amagwirizana ndi pafupipafupi.
Pofuna kuchepetsa phazi lofunika kuti likhale ndi mphamvu, ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito teknoloji ya capacitor yokhala ndi mphamvu yaikulu yeniyeni, yomwe ili yofanana ndi dielectric yokhazikika ε yogawidwa ndi makulidwe a dielectric. monga dielectric chifukwa ili ndi epsilon yapamwamba kuposa ma dielectrics ena opangidwa ndi njira yothetsera vutoli. Dielectric wosanjikiza ndi chinsalu chosindikizidwa pakati pa oyendetsa siliva awiri kuti apange zitsulo-dielectric-zitsulo zitsulo. , amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito magawo awiri kapena atatu a inki ya dielectric kuti asunge zokolola zabwino.Chithunzi 3b chikuwonetsa gawo la SEM micrograph yamtundu woimira capacitor wopangidwa ndi zigawo ziwiri za dielectric, ndi makulidwe a dielectric a 21 μm. Ma electrode apamwamba ndi apansi ndi 5064H yamtundu umodzi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi.Tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta barium titanate timawoneka mu chithunzi cha SEM chifukwa madera owala akuzunguliridwa ndi mdima wakuda binder.Inki ya dielectric imanyowetsa electrode pansi bwino ndikupanga mawonekedwe omveka bwino ndi filimu yachitsulo yosindikizidwa, monga momwe tawonetsera m'fanizoli ndi kukweza kwakukulu.
(a) Chithunzi cha capacitor chokhala ndi madera asanu osiyanasiyana.(b) Cross-sectional SEM micrograph ya capacitor yokhala ndi zigawo ziwiri za dielectric, kusonyeza barium titanate dielectric ndi maelekitirodi a siliva.(c) Kuthekera kwa ma capacitor okhala ndi 2 ndi 3 barium titanate zigawo za dielectric ndi madera osiyanasiyana, zoyezedwa pa 1 MHz. (d) Ubale pakati pa capacitance, ESR, ndi kutaya kwa 2.25 cm2 capacitor ndi 2 zigawo za dielectric zokutira ndi mafupipafupi.
Kuthekera kumayenderana ndi malo omwe akuyembekezeredwa. Monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 3c, mphamvu yeniyeni ya dielectric ya zigawo ziwiri ndi 0.53 nF / cm2, ndipo mphamvu yeniyeni ya dielectric ya zigawo zitatu ndi 0.33 nF / cm2. capacitance and dissipation factor (DF) adayesedwanso pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 3d, pa 2.25 cm2 capacitor yokhala ndi zigawo ziwiri za dielectric. kuchokera ku 1 mpaka 10 MHz, pomwe mumtundu womwewo, DF idakwera kuchokera ku 0.013 kupita ku 0.023. Popeza chinthu chotaya mphamvu ndi chiŵerengero cha kutayika kwa mphamvu ndi mphamvu zomwe zimasungidwa pamtundu uliwonse wa AC, DF ya 0.02 imatanthauza kuti 2% ya mphamvu yogwiritsidwa ntchito. ndi capacitor imadyedwa.Kutayika kumeneku kumawonetsedwa ngati kudalira pafupipafupi kofanana ndi kukana (ESR) kolumikizidwa mndandanda ndi capacitor, womwe ndi wofanana ndi DF / ωC. ESR ndi yotsika kuposa 1.5 Ω, ndi ma frequency opitilira 4 MHz, ESR ndi yotsika kuposa 0.5 Ω. Ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa capacitor, ma capacitor a μF-class omwe amafunikira otembenuza a DC-DC amafuna malo akulu kwambiri, koma 100 pF- NF capacitance range and low loss of these capacitors imapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kwa ntchito zina, monga zosefera ndi ma resonant circuits .Njira zosiyanasiyana zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuonjezera capacitance.Kuchuluka kwa dielectric nthawi zonse kumawonjezera mphamvu yeniyeni 37; mwachitsanzo, izi zikhoza kutheka mwa kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa titanate ya barium titanate mu inki.Makina ang'onoang'ono a dielectric angagwiritsidwe ntchito, ngakhale kuti izi zimafuna electrode yapansi yokhala ndi roughness yochepa kusiyana ndi chinsalu chosindikizidwa siliva flake.Thinner, low roughness capacitor zigawo zikhoza kuikidwa ndi inkjet kusindikiza 31 kapena gravure kusindikiza 10, zomwe zingaphatikizidwe ndi ndondomeko yosindikizira chophimba.Pomaliza, zigawo zingapo zosinthika zazitsulo ndi dielectric zikhoza kuikidwa ndi kusindikizidwa ndikugwirizanitsidwa mofanana, potero kuwonjezera mphamvu 34 pa gawo la unit. .
Voltage divider yopangidwa ndi ma resistor awiri nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kuyeza kwamagetsi komwe kumafunikira pakuwongolera mayankho amagetsi owongolera magetsi. Pa mtundu uwu wa ntchito, kukana kwa chosindikizira chosindikizira kuyenera kukhala pamlingo wa kΩ-MΩ, ndi kusiyana pakati zipangizo ndi zazing'ono.Apa, anapeza kuti pepala kukana kwa single-wosanjikiza chophimba-wosindikizidwa mpweya inki anali 900 Ω/ □.Chidziwitso ichi ntchito kupanga awiri liniya resistors (R1 ndi R2) ndi resistor serpentine (R3). ) ndi kukana mwadzina kwa 10 kΩ, 100 kΩ, ndi 1.5 MΩ. Kukana pakati pa zikhalidwe zodziwika bwino kumatheka mwa kusindikiza magawo awiri kapena atatu a inki, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 4, ndi zithunzi za zotsutsa zitatuzo.Pangani 8- 12 zitsanzo za mtundu uliwonse; muzochitika zonse, kupatuka kokhazikika kwa kukana ndi 10% kapena kuchepera. Kusintha kwa kukana kwa zitsanzo ndi zigawo ziwiri kapena zitatu za zokutira zimakhala zocheperapo kusiyana ndi zitsanzo zomwe zimakhala ndi nsalu imodzi. ndipo mgwirizano wapafupi ndi mtengo wadzina umasonyeza kuti zotsutsana zina mumtundu uwu zikhoza kupezedwa mwachindunji mwa kusintha geometry yotsutsa.
Ma geometries atatu osiyana okhala ndi manambala osiyanasiyana a zokutira inki zopinga kaboni. Zithunzi za zopinga zitatu zikuwonetsedwa kumanja.
Mabwalo a RLC ndi zitsanzo zamabuku akale a kuphatikiza kopinga, inductor, ndi capacitor komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonetsa ndikutsimikizira magwiridwe antchito azinthu zopanda pake zophatikizidwa m'mabwalo osindikizidwa enieni. 25 kΩ resistor imagwirizanitsidwa mofanana ndi iwo. Kuchita kwa chigawo chilichonse kumatha kuwunikira ndikuwunikiridwa.Kutengera kukana kwa 7 Ω mndandanda wa inductor ndi 1.3 Ω ESR ya capacitor, kuyankha kwafupipafupi kwa dera kumawerengedwa. Impedans matalikidwe ndi gawo ndi miyeso yoyezera ikuwonetsedwa mu Zithunzi 5c ndi d. Pafupipafupi, kutsekeka kwakukulu kwa capacitor kumatanthauza kuti machitidwe a dera amatsimikiziridwa ndi 25 kΩ resistor. njira ya LC imachepa; khalidwe lonse dera ndi capacitive mpaka mafupipafupi resonant ndi 2.0 MHz.Pamwamba pa resonance pafupipafupi, inductive impedance dominates. apa (pomwe ma inductors ndi ma capacitor ndi zida zabwino zolimbana ndi mndandanda) ndizolondola kulosera zam'derali pama frequency awa.
(a) Chithunzi cha mawonekedwe a RLC osindikizidwa pa skrini omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mndandanda wa 8 μH inductor ndi 0.8 nF capacitor mofanana ndi 25 kΩ resistor. , d) The impedance matalikidwe (c) ndi gawo (d) la dera.
Potsirizira pake, ma inductors osindikizidwa ndi resistors akugwiritsidwa ntchito mu boost regulator.The IC yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pachiwonetsero ichi ndi Microchip MCP1640B14, yomwe ndi PWM-based synchronous boost regulator ndi maulendo ogwiritsira ntchito 500 kHz. 4.7 μH inductor ndi ma capacitor awiri (4.7 μF ndi 10 μF) amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zosungira mphamvu, ndipo zopinga ziwiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeza mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi owongolera mayankho. Dera limapangidwa pa PCB, ndipo magwiridwe ake amayezedwa mkati mwa kukana kwa katundu ndi kuchuluka kwa voliyumu ya 3 mpaka 4 V kutengera batire ya lithiamu-ion m'malo osiyanasiyana opangira. mphamvu za SMT inductors ndi resistors.SMT capacitors amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse chifukwa mphamvu yofunikira pa ntchitoyi ndi yaikulu kwambiri kuti isamalizidwe ndi makina osindikizira.
(a) Chithunzi cha voltage stabilizing circuit. (b-d) (b) Vout, (c) Vsw, ndi (d) Waveforms akuyenda mu inductor, magetsi olowera ndi 4.0 V, kukana kwa katundu ndi 1 kΩ, ndipo chosindikizira chosindikizira chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza.Zodzitetezera zokwera pamwamba ndi ma capacitor zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeza izi.(e) Pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zotsutsana ndi katundu ndi magetsi olowetsa, mphamvu yamagetsi oyendetsa magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito zigawo zonse za pamwamba ndi zosindikizira ndi zopinga.(f ) Chiŵerengero chogwira ntchito chapamwamba chapamwamba ndi dera losindikizidwa lomwe likuwonetsedwa mu (e).
Kwa 4.0 V voliyumu yowonjezera ndi 1000 Ω kukana katundu, ma waveform omwe amayezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma inductors osindikizidwa akuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 6b-d. Chithunzi 6c chikuwonetsa magetsi pa Vsw terminal ya IC; voteji ya inductor ndi Vin-Vsw.Figure 6d ikuwonetsa zomwe zikuyenda mu inductor.Kugwira ntchito kwa dera ndi SMT ndi zigawo zosindikizidwa zikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 6e monga ntchito ya magetsi olowera ndi kukana katundu, ndipo Chithunzi 6f chikuwonetsa chiŵerengero cha mphamvu. za zigawo zosindikizidwa ku zigawo za SMT. Kuthekera koyezera pogwiritsa ntchito zigawo za SMT ndi zofanana ndi mtengo woyembekezeredwa woperekedwa mu pepala la deta la wopanga 14. Pakulowetsa kwapamwamba (kutsika kwa katundu ndi kutsika kwa magetsi), mphamvu ya inductors yosindikizidwa ndiyotsika kwambiri kuposa Komabe, pokhala ndi mphamvu zowonjezera zowonjezera komanso zowonjezera zamakono, kutaya mphamvu kumakhala kochepa kwambiri, ndipo ntchito ya inductors yosindikizidwa imayamba kuyandikira ya SMT inductors. = 4.0 V kapena> 750 Ω ndi Vin = 3.5 V, mphamvu ya inductors yosindikizidwa ndi yaikulu kuposa 85% ya SMT inductors.
Kuyerekeza mawonekedwe a mafunde apano mu Chithunzi 6d ndi kutayika kwa mphamvu yoyezera kukuwonetsa kuti kutayika kwamphamvu mu inductor ndiko chifukwa chachikulu cha kusiyana kwa magwiridwe antchito pakati pa dera losindikizidwa ndi dera la SMT, monga momwe zikuyembekezeredwa.Kuyika ndi kutulutsa mphamvu kumayesedwa pa 4.0 V voteji yolowera ndi 1000 Ω katundu kukana ndi 30.4 mW ndi 25.8 mW kwa mabwalo okhala ndi zigawo za SMT, ndi 33.1 mW ndi 25.2 mW kwa mabwalo okhala ndi zigawo zosindikizidwa. Chifukwa chake, kutayika kwa dera losindikizidwa ndi 7.9 mW, komwe ndi 3.4 mW pamwamba kuposa chigawo chosindikizidwa. dera lokhala ndi zigawo za SMT. The RMS inductor panopa yowerengedwa kuchokera ku waveform mu Chithunzi 6d ndi 25.6 mA. Popeza kukana kwake kotsatizana ndi 4.9 Ω, kutayika kwa mphamvu kumayembekezeredwa ndi 3.2 mW.Izi ndi 96% ya kusiyana kwa mphamvu ya 3.4 mW DC. Kuphatikiza apo, derali limapangidwa ndi ma inductors osindikizidwa ndi resistors osindikizidwa ndi inductors osindikizidwa ndi SMT resistors, ndi palibe kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kumawonedwa pakati pawo.
Kenako magetsi owongolera amapangidwa pa PCB yosinthika (kusindikiza kwa dera ndi gawo la SMT likuwonetsedwa mu Supplementary Figure S1) ndikulumikizidwa pakati pa batri yosinthika ya lithiamu-ion ngati gwero lamagetsi ndi gulu la OLED ngati katundu. Malinga ndi Lochner et al. 9 Kupanga ma OLED, pixel iliyonse ya OLED imagwiritsa ntchito 0.6 mA pa 5 V. Batire imagwiritsa ntchito lithiamu cobalt oxide ndi graphite monga cathode ndi anode, motero, ndipo imapangidwa ndi zokutira tsamba la dokotala, lomwe ndilo njira yosindikizira ya batri.7 The mphamvu ya batri ndi 16mAh, ndipo voteji panthawi yoyesera ndi 4.0V. Chithunzi 7 chikuwonetsa chithunzi cha dera pa PCB yosinthika, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito ma pixel atatu a OLED olumikizidwa mofanana. zida zosinthika komanso organic kupanga makina amagetsi ovuta kwambiri.
Chithunzi cha ma voltage regulator circuit pa PCB yosinthika pogwiritsa ntchito ma inductors ndi resistors, pogwiritsa ntchito mabatire osinthika a lithiamu-ion kuti azipatsa mphamvu ma LED atatu.
Tawonetsa ma inductors, ma capacitor ndi ma resistors okhala ndi zinthu zingapo pamagawo osinthika a PET, ndi cholinga chosintha zida zapamtunda pazida zamagetsi zamagetsi. , ndi mzere m'lifupi-danga m'lifupi chiŵerengero, ndi ntchito wosanjikiza wosanjikiza wa otsika kukaniza inki.Zigawo zigawo Integrated mu zonse kusindikizidwa ndi kusinthasintha RLC dera ndi kusonyeza kulosera magetsi khalidwe mu kHz-MHz pafupipafupi osiyanasiyana, amene ali wamkulu kwambiri. chidwi ndi zamagetsi zamagetsi.
Chiyerekezo ntchito milandu kusindikizidwa mphamvu zipangizo zamagetsi ndi kuvala kapena mankhwala-Integrated kusintha kachitidwe pakompyuta, zoyendetsedwa ndi kusinthasintha rechargeable mabatire (monga lithiamu-ion), amene akhoza kupanga voteji variable malinga ndi boma mlandu.Ngati katundu (kuphatikizapo kusindikiza ndi kusindikiza ndi organic electronic equipment) imafunika mphamvu yamagetsi yosalekeza kapena yoposa mphamvu ya batire, chowongolera magetsi chimafunika. Pachifukwachi, ma inductors osindikizidwa ndi zopinga zimaphatikizidwa ndi ma silicon IC achikhalidwe kukhala chowongolera chowongolera mphamvu ya OLED yokhala ndi voteji yosalekeza. Mkati mwamtundu wina wamagetsi amakono ndi olowetsamo, mphamvu ya derali imaposa 85% ya mphamvu ya dera lolamulira pogwiritsa ntchito ma inductors ndi resistors. kutayika kwazitsulo mu inductor akadali chinthu cholepheretsa ntchito ya dera pazigawo zamakono zamakono (kulowetsa panopa kuposa pafupifupi 10 mA) . za IC.Popeza kuti zipangizo zambiri zosindikizidwa ndi zowonongeka zimafuna mafunde otsika kwambiri, monga ma OLED ang'onoang'ono omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito powonetsera kwathu, makina osindikizira magetsi amatha kuonedwa kuti ndi oyenerera ntchito zoterezi. apamwamba onse Converter Mwachangu chingapezeke.
Mu ntchito iyi, magetsi owongolera amamangidwa pa PCB yachikhalidwe, PCB yosinthika ndiukadaulo waukadaulo wapamtunda wa phiri, pomwe gawo losindikizidwa limapangidwa pagawo losiyana. mafilimu osindikizidwa ayenera kulola kuti zigawo zopanda pake, komanso kugwirizanitsa pakati pa chipangizocho ndi mapepala okhudzana ndi pamwamba pa phiri, kuti asindikizidwe pa gawo lililonse. dera lonselo kuti limangidwe pazigawo zotsika mtengo (monga PET) popanda kufunikira kwa njira zochepetsera monga PCB etching.Choncho, zigawo zosindikizira zojambulidwa pazithunzi zomwe zimapangidwa mu ntchitoyi zimathandiza kukonza njira zamagetsi zosinthika zomwe zimagwirizanitsa mphamvu ndi katundu. zokhala ndi zida zamagetsi zamagetsi zogwira ntchito kwambiri, pogwiritsa ntchito magawo otsika mtengo, makamaka njira zowonjezera komanso zochepa Chiwerengero cha zigawo zokwera pamwamba.
Pogwiritsa ntchito makina osindikizira a Asys ASP01M ndi chophimba chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri choperekedwa ndi Dynamesh Inc., zigawo zonse za zigawo zopanda kanthu zinasindikizidwa pazitsulo zosinthika za PET ndi makulidwe a 76 μm. mizere pa inchi ya dielectric wosanjikiza ndi kukana wosanjikiza.Gwiritsani ntchito mphamvu ya squeegee ya 55 N, liwiro losindikiza la 60 mm / s, mtunda wosweka wa 1.5 mm, ndi Serilor squeegee ndi kuuma kwa 65 (kwa zitsulo ndi resistive). zigawo) kapena 75 (za zigawo za dielectric) zosindikizira pazenera.
Ma conductive layers - ma inductors ndi kulumikizana kwa capacitor ndi resistors - amasindikizidwa ndi inki ya DuPont 5082 kapena DuPont 5064H silver microflake inki. The resistor imasindikizidwa ndi DuPont 7082 carbon conductor. amagwiritsidwa ntchito.Chigawo chilichonse cha dielectric chimapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito maulendo osindikizira awiri (yonyowa-yonyowa) kuti apititse patsogolo kufanana kwa filimuyo.Pachigawo chilichonse, zotsatira za maulendo osindikizira angapo pa ntchito ya chigawo ndi kusinthasintha zinayesedwa.Zitsanzo zopangidwa ndi zokutira zambiri za zinthu zomwezo zinauma pa 70 ° C kwa mphindi 2 pakati pa zokutira. Pambuyo pogwiritsira ntchito malaya omaliza a chinthu chilichonse, zitsanzozo zinaphikidwa pa 140 ° C kwa mphindi 10 kuti zitsimikizire kuyanika kwathunthu. Chosindikizira chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kugwirizanitsa zigawo zotsatila.Kukhudzana ndi pakati pa inductor kumatheka podula dzenje pakatikati pa pad ndi mapepala osindikizira a stencil kumbuyo kwa gawo lapansi ndi inki ya DuPont 5064H. Kulumikizana pakati pa zipangizo zosindikizira kumagwiritsanso ntchito Dupont. Kusindikiza kwa stencil ya 5064H.Kuti muwonetse zida zosindikizidwa ndi zigawo za SMT pa PCB yosinthika yomwe ikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 7, zigawo zosindikizidwa zimagwirizanitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito Circuit Works CW2400 conductive epoxy, ndipo zigawo za SMT zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi soldering yachikhalidwe.
Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) ndi maelekitirodi opangidwa ndi graphite amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cathode ndi anode ya batri, motero.Cathode slurry ndi osakaniza a 80% LCO (MTI Corp.), 7.5% graphite (KS6, Timcal), 2.5 % mpweya wakuda (Super P, Timcal) ndi 10% polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF, Kureha Corp.). ) Anode ndi osakaniza 84wt% graphite, 4wt% mpweya wakuda ndi 13wt% PVDF.N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP, Sigma Aldrich) ntchito kupasuka PVDF binder ndi kumwazikana slurry.The slurry anali homogenized ndi oyambitsa ndi vortex mixer usiku wonse.A 0.0005 inchi wandiweyani zosapanga dzimbiri zitsulo zojambula ndi 10 μm nickel zojambulazo amagwiritsidwa ntchito monga osonkhanitsa panopa kwa cathode ndi anode, motero.Inki imasindikizidwa pa osonkhanitsa panopa ndi squeegee pa liwiro kusindikiza 20 mm / s. Kutenthetsa electrode mu uvuni pa 80 ° C kwa maola 2 kuti muchotse zosungunulira. Kutalika kwa electrode mutatha kuyanika ndi pafupifupi 60 μm, ndipo potengera kulemera kwa zinthu zogwira ntchito, mphamvu yowunikira ndi 1.65 mAh. /cm2.Maelekitirodi adadulidwa mu miyeso ya 1.3 × 1.3 cm2 ndikutenthedwa mu uvuni wotsekemera pa 140 ° C usiku wonse, ndiyeno amasindikizidwa ndi matumba a aluminium laminate mu bokosi lamagetsi lodzaza nayitrogeni. Njira yothetsera filimu ya polypropylene anode ndi cathode ndi 1M LiPF6 mu EC/DEC (1:1) amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati electrolyte batire.
Green OLED imakhala ndi poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-n-(4-butylphenyl)-diphenylamine) (TFB) ndi poly((9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7- (2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-) 4, 8-diyl)) (F8BT) molingana ndi ndondomeko yomwe yafotokozedwa mu Lochner et al.
Gwiritsani ntchito dektak stylus profiler kuyeza makulidwe a filimuyo. Filimuyi idadulidwa kuti ikonzeretu sampuli kuti ifufuzidwe posanthula ma electron microscopy (SEM).Mfuti ya FEI Quanta 3D field emission gun (FEG) SEM imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonetsa mawonekedwe a zosindikizidwa. Kufufuza kwa SEM kunachitika pamagetsi othamanga a 20 keV ndi mtunda wamba wa 10 mm.
Gwiritsani ntchito ma multimeter a digito kuti muyeze kulimba kwa DC, mphamvu yamagetsi ndi yapano. The AC impedance of inductors, capacitors and circuits amayezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito Agilent E4980 LCR mita pama frequency apansi pa 1 MHz ndi Agilent E5061A network analyzer amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeza ma frequency pamwamba pa 500 kHz. Tektronix TDS 5034 oscilloscope kuyeza mawonekedwe amagetsi owongolera magetsi.
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