nkhani

Mwina pambuyo pa lamulo la Ohm, lamulo lachiwiri lodziwika bwino pa zamagetsi ndi lamulo la Moore: Chiwerengero cha transistors chomwe chingapangidwe pa dera lophatikizika chimawirikiza kawiri pazaka ziwiri zilizonse. transistors payekha adzakhala ang'onoang'ono m'kupita kwa nthawi.
M'zaka za m'ma 1920, mawayilesi apamwamba kwambiri a AM anali ndi machubu angapo opukutira, ma inductors akuluakulu angapo, ma capacitor ndi resistors, mawaya angapo ogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati tinyanga, ndi mabatire ambiri. kuti mphamvu chipangizo chonse. Lero, mutha Mverani mautumiki opitilira khumi ndi awiri a nyimbo pazida zomwe zili m'thumba lanu, ndipo mutha kuchita zambiri.Koma miniaturization sizongotengera kunyamula: ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti tikwaniritse zomwe tikuyembekezera pazida zathu lero.
Phindu limodzi lodziwikiratu la zigawo zing'onozing'ono ndizomwe zimakulolani kuti muphatikizepo ntchito zambiri mu voliyumu yomweyi.Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa maulendo a digito: zigawo zambiri zimatanthauza kuti mungathe kuchita zambiri pokonza nthawi yomweyo.Mwachitsanzo, mu chiphunzitso, kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso chokonzedwa ndi purosesa ya 64-bit ndi kasanu ndi katatu kuposa 8-bit CPU yomwe ikuyenda pa nthawi yofanana ya wotchi. .Chotero mumafunika chip chomwe chili chokulirapo kuwirikiza kasanu ndi kawiri kapena transistor yomwe ndi yaying'ono kuwirikiza kasanu.
N'chimodzimodzinso ndi tchipisi tokumbukira: Popanga ma transistors ang'onoang'ono, mumakhala ndi malo osungiramo zinthu zambiri mu voliyumu yofanana.Ma pixel omwe amawonetsedwa kwambiri masiku ano amapangidwa ndi ma transistors amafilimu owonda kwambiri, kotero ndizomveka kuwatsitsa ndikukwaniritsa malingaliro apamwamba. , ang'onoang'ono transistor, bwino, ndipo pali chifukwa china chofunika kwambiri: ntchito yawo bwino kwambiri.
Nthawi zonse mukapanga transistor, imakupatsirani zida zina zowonjezera kwaulere. Terminal iliyonse imakhala ndi chopinga mumndandanda.Chinthu chilichonse chonyamula chapano chimakhalanso ndi self-inductance.Pomaliza, pali capacitance pakati pa ma conductor awiri akuyang'anizana. amadya mphamvu ndi kuchepetsa liwiro la transistor.Parasitic capacitances ndizovuta kwambiri: zimafunika kuimbidwa ndi kutulutsidwa nthawi iliyonse ma transistors amayatsidwa kapena kuzimitsidwa, zomwe zimafuna nthawi komanso zamakono kuchokera kumagetsi.
Kuthekera pakati pa ma conductor awiri ndi ntchito ya kukula kwawo kwa thupi: kukula kochepa kumatanthauza mphamvu yaing'ono.Ndipo chifukwa ma capacitor ang'onoang'ono amatanthauza kuthamanga kwambiri ndi mphamvu zochepa, ma transistors ang'onoang'ono amatha kuthamanga maulendo apamwamba a wotchi ndikutaya kutentha pang'ono pochita zimenezo.
Pamene mukuchepetsa kukula kwa transistors, capacitance sizomwe zimasintha: pali zambiri zachilendo za quantum mechanical effects zomwe sizidziwikiratu kwa zipangizo zazikulu. kuposa transistors.Pamene inu kuchepetsa zigawo zina, kodi iwo amachita bwanji?
Nthawi zambiri, zigawo zapansi monga resistors, capacitors, ndi inductors sizidzakhala bwino pamene zicheperachepera: m'njira zambiri, zidzaipiraipira kwambiri. , potero kusunga malo a PCB.
Kukula kwa resistor kungathe kuchepetsedwa popanda kuchititsa kutaya kwambiri.Kukana kwa chidutswa cha zinthu kumaperekedwa ndi, kumene l ndi kutalika, A ndi gawo lozungulira, ndipo ρ ndi resistivity ya zinthu. ingochepetsani kutalika ndi gawo, ndipo pamapeto pake mumakhala ndi chopinga chaching'ono, komabe chokhala ndi kukana komweko.Choyipa chokha ndichakuti pakutaya mphamvu yomweyo, zopinga zazing'ono zakuthupi zidzatulutsa kutentha kwambiri kuposa zopinga zazikulu.Chotero, zazing'ono otsutsa angagwiritsidwe ntchito m'mabwalo otsika mphamvu.Gome ili likuwonetsa momwe mphamvu yowonjezera mphamvu ya SMD resistors imachepa pamene kukula kwawo kumachepa.
Masiku ano, chotsutsa chaching'ono kwambiri chomwe mungagule ndi kukula kwa metric 03015 (0.3 mm x 0.15 mm) .Mphamvu yawo yovotera ndi 20 mW yokha ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamabwalo omwe amataya mphamvu zochepa kwambiri ndipo amakhala ochepa kwambiri. phukusi (0.2 mm x 0.1 mm) latulutsidwa, koma silinapangidwebe. kuwasamalira, kotero iwo akhoza kukhalabe zinthu za niche.
Ma capacitors amathanso kuchepetsedwa, koma izi zidzachepetsa mphamvu zawo. Njira yowerengera mphamvu ya shunt capacitor ndi, pomwe A ndi malo a bolodi, d ndi mtunda pakati pawo, ndipo ε ndi dielectric constant. (katundu wa zinthu zapakati) .Ngati capacitor (makamaka chipangizo chophwanyika) ndi miniaturized, dera liyenera kuchepetsedwa, motero kuchepetsa mphamvu. ndi kuunjika zigawo zingapo pamodzi.Chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwa zipangizo ndi kupanga, zomwe zapanganso mafilimu opyapyala (aang'ono d) ndi ma dielectrics apadera (ndi okulirapo ε) zotheka, kukula kwa ma capacitor kwachepa kwambiri m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi.
Capacitor yaying'ono kwambiri yomwe ilipo lero ili mu phukusi laling'ono kwambiri la 0201: 0,25 mm x 0.125 mm yokha. amafunikira zida zapamwamba kuti athane nazo, kuchepetsa kufalikira kwawo.
Kwa ma inductors, nkhaniyi ndi yovuta kwambiri. Kuwongolera kwa koyilo yowongoka kumaperekedwa ndi, pomwe N ndi kuchuluka kwa matembenuzidwe, A ndiye gawo lagawo la koyilo, l ndi kutalika kwake, ndipo μ ndiye zinthu zosasintha (permeability) .Ngati miyeso yonse yachepetsedwa ndi theka, inductance idzachepetsedwa ndi theka. kotala la mtengo wake wapachiyambi.Izi zikutanthauza kuti mumathera ndi kukana komweko mu theka la inductance, kotero mumadula theka la khalidwe (Q) la coil.
Chotsitsa chaching'ono kwambiri chomwe chilipo pamalonda chimatengera kukula kwa inchi 01005 (0.4 mm x 0.2 mm) .Izi ndizokwera kwambiri mpaka 56 nH ndipo zimakhala ndi kukana kwa ohms. Inductors mu phukusi laling'ono kwambiri la 0201 linatulutsidwa mu 2014, koma mwachiwonekere iwo sanadziwitsidwepo kumsika.
Zofooka zakuthupi za inductors zathetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito chodabwitsa chotchedwa dynamic inductance, chomwe chimatha kuwonedwa muzitsulo zopangidwa ndi graphene. coil sichikhoza kuchepetsedwa bwino.Komabe, ngati dera lanu likugwira ntchito pamtunda wapamwamba, izi siziri vuto.Ngati chizindikiro chanu chili mumtundu wa GHz, ma coil ochepa a nH nthawi zambiri amakhala okwanira.
Izi zikutifikitsa ku chinthu china chomwe chakhala chocheperako zaka zana zapitazi koma simungazindikire nthawi yomweyo: kutalika kwa mafunde omwe timagwiritsa ntchito polumikizana.Kuwulutsa kwapawailesi koyambirira kumagwiritsa ntchito ma frequency a medium-wave AM pafupifupi 1 MHz ndi kutalika kwa mafunde pafupifupi 300 metres. Gulu lafupipafupi la FM lomwe limakhala pa 100 MHz kapena mamita 3 linakhala lodziwika bwino m'zaka za m'ma 1960, ndipo lero timagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mauthenga a 4G kuzungulira 1 kapena 2 GHz (pafupifupi 20 cm) . Ndi chifukwa cha miniaturization kuti tili ndi mawayilesi otsika mtengo, odalirika komanso opulumutsa mphamvu omwe amagwira ntchito pama frequency awa.
Kuchepa kwa kutalika kwa mafunde kumatha kufooketsa tinyanga chifukwa kukula kwake kumagwirizana mwachindunji ndi kuchuluka komwe amafunikira kuti atumize kapena kulandira.Mafoni am'manja amasiku ano safuna tinyanga takutali totuluka, chifukwa cha kulumikizana kwawo modzipereka pa ma frequency a GHz, omwe mlongoti umangofunika kukhala pafupifupi imodzi. utali wa centimita. Ichi ndi chifukwa chake mafoni ambiri am'manja omwe akadali ndi zolandila za FM amafunikira kuti muyike zomvera m'makutu musanagwiritse ntchito: wayilesi imayenera kugwiritsa ntchito waya wa m'makutu ngati mlongoti kuti ipeze mphamvu yokwanira yolumikizira kuchokera ku mafunde aatali a mita imodzi.
Ponena za mabwalo olumikizidwa ndi tinyanga tating'onoting'ono, tikakhala ang'onoang'ono, amakhala osavuta kupanga.Izi siziri chifukwa chakuti ma transistors ayamba kufulumira, komanso chifukwa zotsatira za mzere wotumizira sizilinso vuto.Mwachidule, kutalika kwake wa waya woposa gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi a kutalika kwake, muyenera kuganizira za kusintha kwa gawo limodzi ndi kutalika kwake popanga dera.Pa 2.4 GHz, izi zikutanthauza kuti centimita imodzi yokha ya waya yakhudza dera lanu; ngati mugulitsa zigawo zikuluzikulu pamodzi, ndi mutu, koma ngati mutayala dera la mamilimita angapo, si vuto.
Kuneneratu za kutha kwa Lamulo la Moore, kapena kuwonetsa kuti maulosi awa akulakwitsa mobwerezabwereza, wakhala mutu wobwerezabwereza muzolemba za sayansi ndi zamakono.Chowonadi ndi chakuti Intel, Samsung, ndi TSMC, opikisana atatu omwe adakali patsogolo. za masewerawa, pitirizani kukanikiza mbali zambiri pa lalikulu micrometer, ndi kukonzekera kuyambitsa mibadwo ingapo ya tchipisi bwino m'tsogolo. akupitiriza.
Komabe, pazigawo zosiyanasiyana, tikuwoneka kuti tafika malire achilengedwe: kuwapanga kukhala ang'onoang'ono sikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito awo, ndipo zigawo zing'onozing'ono zomwe zilipo pano ndi zazing'ono kuposa zomwe zimafunikira. koma ngati pali Lamulo la Moore, tikadakonda kuwona kuchuluka kwa munthu m'modzi angakankhire zovuta za SMD soldering.
Ndakhala ndikufuna kujambula chithunzi cha PTH resistor chomwe ndimagwiritsa ntchito m'zaka za m'ma 1970, ndikuyika chotsutsa cha SMD pa izo, monga momwe ndikusinthira / kunja tsopano.Cholinga changa ndi kupanga abale ndi alongo anga (palibe mmodzi wa iwo zinthu zamagetsi) kusintha kochuluka bwanji, kuphatikiza ndimatha kuwona mbali za ntchito yanga, (pamene maso anga akukulirakulira, manja anga akuwonjezereka Kunjenjemera).
Ndimakonda kunena kuti, zili limodzi kapena ayi. Ndimadana kwambiri ndi "kusintha, khala bwino." Nthawi zina masanjidwe anu amagwira ntchito bwino, koma simungathenso kupeza magawo.Kodi gehena ndi chiyani?
"Zowona ndizakuti makampani atatu a Intel, Samsung ndi TSMC akupikisanabe patsogolo pamasewerawa, akungotulutsa zambiri pa lalikulu micrometer,"
Zida zamagetsi ndi zazikulu komanso zodula.Mu 1971, banja lapakati linali ndi mawailesi ochepa chabe, stereo ndi TV.Pofika m'chaka cha 1976, makompyuta, mawotchi, mawotchi a digito ndi mawotchi anali atatuluka, zomwe zinali zazing'ono komanso zotsika mtengo kwa ogula.
Zina za miniaturization zimachokera ku mapangidwe.Ma amplifiers ogwiritsira ntchito amalola kugwiritsa ntchito ma gyrators, omwe amatha kusintha ma inductors akuluakulu nthawi zina.Zosefera zogwira ntchito zimachotsanso inductors.
Zigawo zazikuluzikulu zimalimbikitsa zinthu zina: kuchepetsa dera, ndiko kuti, kuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito zigawo zochepa kwambiri kuti ntchito yadera igwire ntchito.Lero, sitisamala kwambiri.Kufuna chinachake kuti musinthe chizindikiro?Tengani amplifier yogwira ntchito. Kodi mukufunikira makina a boma? Tengani mpu.etc.Zigawo masiku ano ndizochepa kwenikweni, koma kwenikweni pali zigawo zambiri mkati.Choncho makamaka kukula kwa dera lanu kumawonjezeka ndikugwiritsanso ntchito mphamvu. kukwaniritsa ntchito yomweyo kuposa amplifier ntchito.Koma kachiwiri, miniaturization idzasamalira kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu.Ndizongopeka kuti zatsopano zapita njira ina.
Munaphonyadi zina mwazabwino zazikulu/zifukwa za kukula kocheperako: ma parasitics ochepetsedwa ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yamagetsi (yomwe ikuwoneka ngati yosagwirizana).
Kuchokera pamalingaliro othandiza, pamene kukula kwa mawonekedwe kumafika pafupi ndi 0.25u, mudzafika pa mlingo wa GHz, panthawi yomwe phukusi lalikulu la SOP limayamba kutulutsa zotsatira zazikulu *.Mawaya omangirira aatali ndi omwe amatsogolera pamapeto pake adzakuphani.
Pakadali pano, phukusi la QFN/BGA lasintha kwambiri potengera magwiridwe antchito. Kuphatikiza apo, mukayika phukusilo mopanda chonchi, mumatha kukhala ndi *momwe mungapangire bwino* kutentha kwabwinoko komanso ma pads owonekera.
Kuphatikiza apo, Intel, Samsung, ndi TSMC atenga gawo lofunikira, koma ASML ikhoza kukhala yofunika kwambiri pamndandandawu.
Sikuti kuchepetsa ndalama za silicon kupyolera mu ndondomeko ya m'badwo wotsatira.Zinthu zina, monga matumba.Maphukusi ang'onoang'ono amafunikira zipangizo zochepa ndi wcsp kapena zochepa.Maphukusi ang'onoang'ono, ma PCB ang'onoang'ono kapena ma modules, ndi zina zotero.
Nthawi zambiri ndimawona zinthu zamakasitomala, pomwe chinthu chokhacho choyendetsa ndikuchepetsa mtengo.MHz/kukula kwa kukumbukira kuli kofanana, ntchito ya SOC ndi makonzedwe a pini ndizofanana.Titha kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje atsopano kuti tichepetse kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu (nthawi zambiri izi sizikhala zaulere, kotero payenera kukhala maubwino ena ampikisano omwe makasitomala amasamala)
Chimodzi mwa ubwino wa zigawo zikuluzikulu ndi anti-radiation material.Tiny transistors amatha kutengeka kwambiri ndi zotsatira za kuwala kwa cosmic, muzochitika zofunika izi.Mwachitsanzo, mumlengalenga komanso ngakhale malo okwera kwambiri.
Sindinawone chifukwa chachikulu chowonjezera liwiro.Kuthamanga kwa chizindikiro kuli pafupifupi mainchesi 8 pa nanosecond.Choncho pongochepetsa kukula, tchipisi tating'ono ndizotheka.
Mungafune kuyang'ana masamu anu powerengera kusiyana kwa kuchedwa kwa kufalitsa chifukwa cha kusintha kwa ma phukusi ndi kuchepetsedwa kwa maulendo (1 / pafupipafupi) ndiko kuchepetsa kuchedwa / nthawi yamagulu.Mudzapeza kuti sizikuwoneka ngati chinthu chozungulira.
Chinthu chimodzi chimene ndikufuna kuwonjezera ndi chakuti ma IC ambiri, makamaka mapangidwe akale ndi tchipisi ta analoji, sakhala ochepa kwenikweni, osachepera mkati.Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kupanga makina, phukusi lakhala laling'ono, koma chifukwa chakuti mapepala a DIP nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zambiri. malo otsala mkati, osati chifukwa transistors etc. akhala ang'onoang'ono.
Kuphatikiza pa vuto lopanga loboti yolondola mokwanira kuti igwire tinthu tating'onoting'ono pamapulogalamu othamanga kwambiri, nkhani ina ndikuwotchera tinthu tating'onoting'ono.Makamaka mukafunabe zigawo zikuluzikulu chifukwa cha mphamvu / mphamvu. wapadera solder phala, wapadera sitepe solder phala zidindo (ikani pang'ono solder phala pakufunika, koma kupereka zokwanira solder phala zigawo zikuluzikulu) anayamba kukhala expensive.So ine ndikuganiza pali phiri, ndi zina miniaturization pa dera. Pakali pano, mutha kuchitanso kuphatikiza kowonjezera pamlingo wa silicon wafer ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zigawo zingapo kuti zikhale zochepa.
Mudzawona izi pafoni yanu.Cha m'ma 1995, ndinagula mafoni am'manja oyambirira mu malonda a garaja kwa madola angapo.Ma IC ambiri ali ndi-bowo.CPU yodziwika bwino ndi NE570 compander, IC yaikulu yogwiritsidwanso ntchito.
Kenaka ndinatsirizira ndi mafoni osinthidwa m'manja.Pali zigawo zochepa kwambiri ndipo pafupifupi palibe chodziwika bwino.Mu chiwerengero chochepa cha ICs, osati kachulukidwe kokha kamene kamakhala kokwezeka, komanso mapangidwe atsopano (onani SDR) amavomerezedwa, omwe amachotsa zambiri. zigawo zikuluzikulu zomwe zinali zofunika kale.
> (Ikani phala laling'ono la solder pamene mukufunikira, komabe perekani phala lokwanira la solder pazinthu zazikulu)
Hei, ndimaganiza template ya "3D/Wave" kuti ithetse vutoli: yocheperako pomwe zigawo zing'onozing'ono zili, komanso zokulirapo pomwe gawo lamagetsi lili.
Masiku ano, zigawo za SMT ndi zazing'ono kwambiri, mungagwiritse ntchito zigawo zenizeni zenizeni (osati 74xx ndi zinyalala zina) kuti mupange CPU yanu ndikuyisindikiza pa PCB. Kuwaza ndi LED, mukhoza kuiona ikugwira ntchito nthawi yeniyeni.
Kwa zaka zambiri, ndikuyamikira kwambiri chitukuko chofulumira cha zigawo zovuta ndi zazing'ono.Amapereka patsogolo kwambiri, koma panthawi imodzimodziyo amawonjezera zovuta zatsopano ku ndondomeko yobwerezabwereza ya prototyping.
Kusintha ndi kayeseleledwe liwiro la mabwalo analogi ndi mofulumira kwambiri kuposa zimene mumachita mu labotale.Monga pafupipafupi mabwalo digito kukwera, ndi PCB kukhala mbali ya msonkhano.Mwachitsanzo, kufala mzere zotsatira, kufalitsa kuchedwa.Prototyping iliyonse kudula- ukadaulo wa m'mphepete umagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino pakumaliza kupanga moyenera, m'malo mopanga zosintha mu labotale.
Ponena za zinthu zosangalatsa, evaluation.Circuit boards and modules ndi njira yothetsera kuchepa kwa zigawo ndi ma modules pre-testing.
Izi zitha kupangitsa kuti zinthu zisakhale "zosangalatsa", koma ndikuganiza kuti kupangitsa kuti polojekiti yanu igwire ntchito koyamba kungakhale kopindulitsa chifukwa cha ntchito kapena zokonda.
Ndakhala ndikusintha mapangidwe ena kuchokera ku-bowo kupita ku SMD.Pangani zinthu zotsika mtengo, koma sizosangalatsa kupanga ma prototypes ndi manja.Cholakwika chimodzi chaching'ono: "malo ofananira" ayenera kuwerengedwa ngati "mbale yofananira".
Ayi. Pambuyo popambana dongosolo, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale adzasokonezedwabe ndi zomwe apeza.Ndani akudziwa, mwinamwake m'zaka za zana la 23, Planetary Alliance idzatenga dongosolo latsopano ...
Sindinathe kuvomereza zambiri. Kodi kukula kwa 0603 ndi kotani? Inde, kusunga 0603 monga kukula kwa mfumu ndi "kuyimbira" 0603 metric size 0604 (kapena 0602) sikovuta, ngakhale kungakhale kolakwika mwaukadaulo (ie: kukula kofananira-osati mwanjira imeneyo) mulimonse. Olimba), koma osachepera aliyense adziwa ukadaulo womwe mukunena (metric / imperial)!
"Nthawi zambiri, zinthu zopanda pake monga zopinga, ma capacitor, ndi ma inductors sizikhala bwino mukawachepetsa."